Ivan Pavlov:1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?
Pavlov was actually studying the digestive process of dogs.
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.
Pavlov preformed a surgery on the dogs and input a tube that would drip the saliva into the tubes. He then would test the dogs and give them food every time a bell would ring. When the dogs would hear it and they would salivate and receive food. Now all the animals when they would hear a bell would salivate even with out the sight or smell of food.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.
The conditional stimulus is the bell. The unconditioned stimulus is the food with out the bell. The response is that every time the dog would hear the bell he would salivate for food.
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.
A dog who has been conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell of one tone, may well salivate to a similar sounding bell or a buzzer. Stimulus generalisation is the extension of the conditioned response from the original stimulus to similar stimuli.
6. Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.
An animal or person can be taught to discriminate between different stimuli. For example, if a dog is shown a red circle every time he is fed, then he will salivate at the sight of the red circle alone. But initially, the dog may generalise and salivate at circles of any colour. If the dog is only fed when the red circle is presented and not when other colours are shown, he will learn to discriminate between red and the other colours.
7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.
Two limitations of this experiment were that the dogs had to have a surgery to input a test tube to hold their saliva. Also, he only used the same breed of dog each time.
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.
We learned that by training specimens to a noise they will react to it after a couple repetitions, meaning that the after a while the animal would react to that noise even without a treat after it.
John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.
Little Albert was brought into a study lab and was introduced to a white rat. At first Albert liked the rat, but when the rat was with him the doctor would hit a huge brass bar and startle Little Albert then he would cry. After this happened Little Albert would start to cry just at the sight of a rat. After a while, Albert would cry at the sight of anything with fur.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study.
The conditioned stimulus of the study was the rat. The unconditioned stimulus is Little Albert.
3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.
Two limitations of the study are they only used one baby instead of testing it on many people. Also, when he tested the animals with Albert he should have used more then one dog or more then one type of a certain animal.
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.
The more frequent a stimulus and response to occur in association with each other, the stronger that habit will become.
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.
The response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.
His basic assumption is that learning is a result of environmental events.

Class Articles

In the article written in sciencedaily.com, science studies have shown that High Schools that start only one hour later are less likely to have teens fall asleep behind the wheel. When classes were starting an hour later students were averaging around 12-30 more minutes of sleep. In 1999, over 1,000 teens had automobile accidents either before or after school. With school starting later, the crashes were reduced greatly. Studies show that adolescents as they are becoming older tend to stay up later as well, causing more issues in the morning.

Source Cited:

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. "Starting High School One Hour Later May Reduce Teen Traffic Accidents." ScienceDaily, 17 December 2008. Web. 3 November 2010. <http://www.sciencedaily.com­ /releases/2008/12/081215074351.htm>.