Edward Thorndike:

1. Explain Thorndike's puzzle-box experiment.
Thorndike placed a cat in a puzzle box. he would place a hungry cat into the box, then observing its behavior as it tried to escape and obtain some food. At first, they worked by trial and error. As the cats would start finding their way out by trial and error they would then become quicker and remember the way they originally took.

2. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Effect".
The Law of Effect is that: Of several responses made to the same situation, those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal, have their connections with that situation weakened, so that, when it recurs, they will be less likely to occur. The greater the satisfaction or discomfort, the greater the strengthening or weakening of the bond.
3. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Exercise".
The Law of Excercise is that: that those behavioral responses that were most closely followed by a satisfying result were most likely to become established patterns and to occur again in response to the same stimulus.
B.F. Skinner:

1. Explain Skinner's concept of Operant Conditioning
Skinner's theory is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events that occur in the environment. A response produces a consequence. When a particular Stimulus-Response pattern is rewarded, the individual is conditioned to respond.
2. What does  reinforcement always do?
Reinfocrcement is making the subject want to repeat the action they did because they were rewarded for the thing they did.
3. What does a punishment alsways do?

4. Explain the difference between "postive" and "negative" as they are used in opernat conditioning.